Working papers
ILO Working Paper 141
A study of the employment and earnings outcomes of second-generation migrants
This ILO Working Paper explores the labour market outcomes of second-generation migrants in 32 countries, drawing on extensive microdata. It provides comparative insights into their employment patterns and examines the legal frameworks shaping their...
ILO Working Paper 140
Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure
This ILO Working Paper refines the global measurement of occupational exposure to generative AI by combining task-level data, expert input, and AI model predictions. It offers an improved methodological framework to assess how GenAI may impact jobs...
ILO Working paper 138
Responses of technical and vocational education and training institutions to the needs of industry’s digital transformation in South-East...
This paper investigates the responses of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) institutions in South-East Asia to the demands of industry’s digital transformation in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0).
ILO Working paper 137
The untapped potential of disadvantaged young people for apprenticeships in skilled trades
This paper seeks to identify the influencing factors of quality apprenticeships and elaborates possible reasons why young people in low-reputation apprenticeships drop out more often than those in popular professions.
ILO Working Paper 136
Directed Search, Wages, and Non- Wage Amenities: Evidence from an Online Job Board
This paper investigates how job seekers in Uruguay direct their search based on posted wages and non-wage amenities, using online job board data. It examines occupational differences in application behavior and tests these patterns with a...
ILO Working paper 135
Protecting whistle-blowers in the public service: A global survey of whistle-blowing laws applicable to the public service sector
This paper provides an analysis of national laws relevant to whistle-blowers in the public sector across 67 ILO Member States.
ILO Working Paper 122
What role can health mutuals and community-based health insurance play in social health protection systems?
Despite a wealth of literature on health mutuals and Community Based Health Insurances (CBHI), little is known about the practical methods used to integrate them into national social health protection architectures. This working paper explores...
ILO Working Paper 134
Wages in African public administrations: Where do we stand?
By playing a key role in the provision of critical services, such as health, education or security, governments are crucial for the good functioning of societies and social justice. Governments have a dual role to play as employers and as the actor...
ILO Working Paper 133
Labour market trajectories, social protection and the green transition in France and Viet Nam
This working paper explores labour market transitions to green jobs in France and Viet Nam, analyzing the role of social protection in facilitating these shifts. By adopting a task-based definition of green occupations, it examines the impact of...
ILO Working paper 132
Making social protection work for gender equality: What does it look like? How do we get there?
This paper outlines the perspective and approach of the ILO’s Universal Social Protection Department to enhancing the gender-responsiveness of social protection policies, anchored in international social security standards and guided by a life-cycle...
ILO Working Paper 131
A study on the employment and wage outcomes of persons living with a same-sex partner
This study examines the labour market disparities faced by same-sex couples across nine countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, France, Mexico, Thailand, the United States of America and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela), extending the...
ILO Working Paper 130
Sustainable industrial policies and strategies in the textiles and clothing sector: Lessons learned from Cambodia, Jordan and Viet Nam
Countries are increasingly adopting industrial strategies and policies in response to global crises and emerging economic trends. With regards to the textiles and clothing sector, industrial strategies and policies, when developed in an inclusive...
ILO Working Paper 129
Industrial relations in micro and small enterprises: patterns, trends and prospects
This working paper offers a global review of industrial relations within micro and small enterprises (MSEs), focusing on the collective representation of workers and employers, collective bargaining, and legal frameworks. MSEs and the self-employed...
ILO Working paper 128
Combating inequalities: what role for universal social protection?
The primary aim of this study is to provide evidence regarding the impact of social protection benefits, taxes and social security contributions in reducing income inequalities.
Working Paper 127
Trade Unions, Labour Governance and Economic Upgradation in Value Chains
The paper examines possible mechanisms for trade union engagement in global value chains, especially in the context of emerging human rights due diligence frameworks. By examining existing literature on value chain analysis, trade policy, and...
ILO Working Paper 126
Resolution of labour disputes involving new forms of employment in China
Based on the study of arbitration and judicial cases involving new forms of employment, this working paper identifies and examines notable characteristics of disputes involving new forms of employment. This working paper found that the number of...
Working Paper 125
Adopting green measures in exporting firms: What are the effects on labour market outcomes?
This study contributes to the literature on the relationship between trade, labour and environmental sustainability by providing empirical evidence at the firm level. For this purpose, it first explores whether exporting firms are more likely than...
ILO Working Paper 124
A study on the employment and wage outcomes of people with disabilities
This study investigates the employment and wage disparities between people with and without disabilities.
ILO Working Paper 121 - Joint publication ILO-World Bank
Buffer or Bottleneck? Employment Exposure to Generative AI and the Digital Divide in Latin America
In this new paper from the International Labour Organization and the World Bank Group, researchers found that Generative AI could have transformative effects on jobs and livelihoods in Latin America and the Caribbean. Nonetheless, gaps in digital...
ILO Working paper 120
Working conditions of subnational government workers in selected South and South-east Asian countries: Bangladesh, Nepal, Indonesia,...
This study investigates the working conditions of subnational government (SNG) employees in select South and Southeast Asian countries, viz. Bangladesh, Nepal, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It is situated in the context of decentralized...